Languages of Santo
Note that the spelling of language names in this map may not be the same as in the body of the text.
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Akei
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (southwestern)
Eralado, Ipayato, Lamarakai, Marino, Navaka,
Pilipili, Tasiriki
Reading:
Ray, Sidney H. 1926. A comparative
study of the Melanesian island
languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp.371-384.
Amblong
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (South Central)
Narango
North
Aore
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group:
Araki
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South Santo
(Southwestern)
Butmas-Tur
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: East Santo
Other names: Ati
Fortensal
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (Southwestern)
Lametin
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (Western)
Nalultsileri
Lorediakarkar
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: East
Santo
Mafea
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (Southeastern)
Mavea
Malmariv
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (Western)
Malo
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South Santo (Southeastern)
Other names: Savan
Reading:
Landels,
J.D. 1891. [Grammar of Malo].
In D. MacDonald (ed.), South Sea languages: A series of studies on the
languages of the New Hebrides and other South Sea islands, vol. 2: Tangoan-Santo,
Malo, Malekula, Epi (Baki and Bierian), Tanna, and Futuna. Melbourne:
Trustees of the Public Library,
Museums, and National Gallery of Victoria; pp.15-33.
Morouas
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (South Central)
Mafun, Moruas
Narango
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (South Central)
Farsava
Navut
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (Western)
Nokuku
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Nogugu
Reading:
Gordon, J.D. 1889. Sketch of the Santo
grammar and vocabulary. In D. MacDonald (ed.), New Hebrides linguistics:
Introductory. Three New Hebrides
languages (Efatese, Eromangan, Santo). Melbourne: Trustees of the Melbourne
Public Library; pp.85-134.
Ray, Sidney H. 1926. A
comparative study of the Melanesian island languages. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press; pp.384-401.
Penantsiro
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: ?
Piamatsina
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Polonambauk
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: East
Santo
Roria
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: ?
Sakao
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: East
Santo
Hog Harbour, Port Olry, Sakau
Reading:
Guy, J.B.M. 1974.
A grammar of the northern dialect of Sakao. Canberra: PL,
B-33 * An outline of the phonology, morphology and syntax of this complex language,
unfortunately written in an idiosyncratic style and format. ix + 99pp.
Guy,
J.B.M. 1977. On the origins of the Sakao vowel system (New
Hebrides). JPS 86,1:97-103 * Proposes a number of hypotheses which
explain the derivation of modern
Sakao's twelve vowels from the five Proto Oceanic vowels.
Shark
Bay
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: East Santo
Other names: Litaro
Tambotalo
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (southeastern)
Tangoa
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (southewestern)
Reading:
Annand, J. 1891. [Grammar of Tangoan-Santo].
In D. MacDonald (ed.), South Sea languages: A series of studies
on the languages of the New Hebrides and other South Sea islands, vol. 2:
Tangoan-Santo, Malo, Malekula,
Epi (Baki and Bierian), Tanna, and Futuna. Melbourne: Trustees of the Public
Library, Museums, and National Gallery of Victoria; pp.1-14.
Camden,
Pastor Bill 1979. Parallels in structure of lexicon and syntax between
New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo language as spoken at Tangoa. PL,
A-57:51-117 * Provides a strong argument in support of the Oceanic
substrate theory by outlining many syntactic parallels between Bislama and Tangoa.
Ray,
Sidney H.
1892. Vocabulary of the Tangoa dialect, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. Bijdragen
tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 41:707-714.
Ray,
Sidney H. 1926. A comparative study of the Melanesian island languages.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp.356-370.
Tasmate
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Tolomako
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Bay of SS.Philip & James, Big Bay, Marina, Tikipi
Reading:
Codrington,
R.H. 1885.
The Melanesian languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp.441-449.
Ray,
Sidney H. 1926. A comparative study of the Melanesian
island languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp.401-416.
Tutuba
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (southeastern)
Valpei
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Valpay
Vunapu
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: Northwest
Santo
Wailapa
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South Santo
(southwestern)
Wusi
Island name: Santo
Proto-language: PNV
Ross Clark (1985) local group / Tryon (1976) sub-group: South
Santo (western)
Wulua
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