An annotated HIV bibliography

Publications by teams

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• (2001). Advocacy Guide to the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Statement on HIV/AIDS. Melbourne, AIDS Society of Asia and the Pacific (ASAP) The Asia Pacific Council of AIDS Service Organisations ( APCASO) The Asian Pacific Network of PLWHAs (APN+).
• (2002?). Land transport & HIV vulnerability A development challenge. Melbourne, Bangkok, The Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne United Nations Development Programmes South East Asia HIV and Development Project: 6.

A

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• Abala, B. (2002). "Gay in Cambodia." HIV Australia 2(2): 26-7.
  Cambodia has the highest HIV prevalence rates in southeast Asia with national figures indicating 2.6% of the population is currently living with HIV/AIDS. With most education aimed towards the sex industry, the group most likely to transmit HIV, another highly vulnerable group - men who have sex with men - is being largely forgotten. (non-author abstract)
• Aitken, C. (2002). New Zealand needle and syringe exchange programme review. Melbourne, Centre for Harm Reduction: 86.
• Alexander, M. (1995). "HIV, Human rights and the United Nations." National AIDS Bulletin 9(5): 48-9.
• Ali, S., R. Khinani, et al. (1995). "Understanding the HIV/AIDS context in Pakistan." Venereology 8(3): 160-3.
• Altman, D. (1994).Power and community: organisational and cultural responses to AIDS. London, Falmer.
• Altman, D. (1995). "Change, co-option and the community sector." AIDS 9(Supplement A): S329-44.
• Altman, D. (1995). Communities, governments and AIDS: making partnership work. AIDS, safety, sexuality and risk. P. Aggleton, P. Davies and G. Hart. London, Taylor & Francis: 109-17.
• Altman, D. (1995). Overview of community responses evelopment ( special issue on HIV/AIDS and development: 6-15.
• Altman, D. (1995). The new world of ' Gay Asia". Asian & Pacific inscriptions: identities, ethnicites, nationalities. S. Perera. Melbourne, La Trobe University: 121-38.
• Altman, D. (1996). ""Rupture or continuity?" the internationalization of gay identities." Social Text 14(3): 77-94.
• Altman, D. (1996). HIV, homesexuality and vulnerability in the developing world. AIDS in the world II: global dimensions, social roots, and responses. J. M. Mann and D. J. Tarantola. New York, Oxford University Press: 254-6; 354-5.
• Altman, D. (1997). "Global gaze/global gays." GLQ: a journal of lesbian and gay studies 3: 417-36.
• Altman, D. (1998). "Globalization and the 'AIDS' industry." Contemporary Politics 4(3): 233-46.
• Altman, D. (1999). "AIDS and questions of global governance." Pacific Review 11(2): 195-211.
• Altman, D. (1999). "Globalization, political economy, and HIV/AIDS." Theory and Society 28: 559-84.
• Altman, D. (2000). The emerenge of gay identities in Southeast Asia. Different Rainbows. P. Drucker. London, Gay Men's Press: 137-56.
• Altman, D. (2000). The emergence of ' modern ' gay identities and the question of human rights. Human rights and gender politics: Asia-Pacific perspectives A. M. Hilsdon. London, New York, Routledge: 211-28.
• Altman, D. (2001). Global sex. Chicago, Sydney, Seoul, Mexico, Tokyo, University of Chicago Press; Allen & Unwin;.
• Altman, D. (2002). Globalization and the international gay/lesbian movement. Handbook of lesbian and gay studies. D. Richardson and S. Seidman. London, Sage Publications.
• Altman, D. (2003). "HIV and security." International Relations 17(4): 417-27.
  The war on terrorism has drawn attention to non-conventional threats to security, even as it led to conventional warfare in the case of the attack on Iraq. HIV/AIDS is arguably an even greater threat to security, with the effect of destabilizing the social and economic order to the extent that the very survival of entire nations is at stake. This article examines both the security implications of AIDS, and the various international responses aimed at slowing its spread and mitigating its impact.
• Altman, D. (2003). AIDS and security. Health impacts of globalization. K. Lee. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan: 33-46.
• Altman, D. (2004). Sexuality and globalization. Sexuality and Globalization. 1.
  has an impact on all aspects of life, including the construction, regulation and imagination of sexuality and gender. This paper aims to suggest some of the ways in which this impact is occurring, primarily in the developing world, with some emphasis on questions of HIV, sexual identity, and human and sexual rights. In issues of sexuality, as in other spheres, globalization increases inequalities, acting both as a liberatory and an oppressive influence.
• Altman, D. and M. Heywood (2000). "Confronting AIDS: human rights, law and social transformation." Health and human rights 5(1): 417-27.
• Altman, D. and M. O'Keefe (2003). "Combating insecurity - the ' war on terror ' and HIV/AIDS." HIV Australia 2(3): 16-7.
  [The authors] take a look at the impact the 'war on terror' is having on HIV/AIDS. (editor abstract)
• Altman, D., D. Stephens, et al. (1998). "Conflict and consensus: HIV/AIDS and human rights in Asia and the Pacific." AIDS 12(supplement B): s93-99.
• Andrews, G. R. (2001). "Demographic and health issues in rural aging: a global perspective." Rural Health 17(4): 323-7.
  The world is witnessing unprecedented changes in population structure, so that both the absolute number and proportion of older people are increasing worldwide. For many developing countries, rapid population aging and the phenomenon of a "double burden" of both infectious disease and emerging chronic diseases represent a major challenge. Many of those who will contribute to these extraordinary transitions will live in rural areas. Many countries, especially the poorest, still have a huge burden of infectious diseases, including increasing rates of HIV/AIDS along with a growing problem of chronic diseases. A number of critical policy considerations come to the fore in examining issues associated with rural aging, including: the need for rural development policies that take account of population aging and the needs of older people; improved coordination and integration of public health and care services in rural areas; support for nongovernmental organizations and community group efforts; and greater use of new technologies for communication. The year 1999 was pivotal for aging in terms of perceptions, attitudes, public action, better research and knowledge, and improved policy decisions that will benefit all of society into this new century. The Second United Nations World Assembly to be held in Madrid in April 2002 will provide further opportunity to build upon this progress and in the formulation of a new International Plan of Action on Aging to point the way for decisive action on positive policy and program initiatives for the future.

B

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• Baldwin, R. and S. Paxton (2002). "The GIPA initiative in south and northeast Asia." HIV Australia 2(2): 6-7.
  The Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS (GIPA) Principles date back to the 1994 Paris AIDS Summit Declaration. The Principles advocate the full involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) in decision making processes, the protection and promotion of human rights and strengthening and supporting PLWHAs networks. The GIPA Initiative focuses on 13 countries in south and northeast Asia where there is an estimated 5 million PLWHAs. (non-author abstract)
• Bandyopadhyay, M. and J. Thomas (2002). "Women migrant workers' vulnerability to HIV infection in Hong Kong." AIDS Care 14(4): 509-21.
  Research on population mobility and HIV/AIDS risk among migrant populations is quite limited, and research on migrant women workers' vulnerability is further limited. Hong Kong, the Special Administrative Region of China, has currently about 200,000 women migrant workers working as domestic helps. This paper reports migrant women worker's access to AIDS-related health information and health care facilities, perceptions about vulnerability, and risk behaviour profile. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire from a random sample of 2,010 women migrant workers. A majority of the migrant women workers (63.6%) have been living and working in Hong Kong for between 4-10 years. Fifty-four per cent of the respondents felt that being a female they were vulnerable to HIV infection. Overall, the knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and its route of transmission is inadequate amongst the migrant women workers in Hong Kong. It appears that AIDS-related information education and communication needs of women migrants workers are not met by the current HIV prevention and care activities in Hong Kong. The study indicates that migrant women workers who experienced sexual violence (9%) in Hong Kong perceive themselves to be 'at risk' of HIV infection. Seventy per cent of the respondents reported that they have felt discriminated against in Hong Kong, of which 42% felt discriminated against in Hong Kong hospitals. Addressing discrimination in health care settings is an essential element of AIDS prevention. The discussion urges researchers and policy makers to pay more attention to the vulnerability of migrant women workers.
• Boon, L., J. Rudd, et al. (1995). "Mastering the maze." National AIDS Bulletin 9(3): 40-1.
• Burrows, D. (1994). "Establishing an international communication network for injecting drug user groups." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 4(1): 46-8.
• Burrows, D. (1995). "Can IDU organisations help stem the spread of HIV among drug users in the Asia-Pacific region?" National AIDS Bulletin 9(1): 16-8.
• Burrows, D. (1996). "What is harm reduction?" National AIDS Bulletin 10(1): 10-1.
• Burrows, D. (1997). "Courting disaster? India's HIV epidemic." National AIDS Bulletin 11(4): 24-5, 35.
• Burrows, D. (1997). "Harm reduction in Delhi." National AIDS Bulletin 11(5): 14-5, 30.
• Burrows, D. (2001). Rapid assessment and response to HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users training course. Sydney, Melbourne, Centre for Harm Reduction.
• Burrows, D., S. Panda, et al. (2001). HIV/AIDS prevention among injecting drug users in Kathmandu Valley. Melbourne, Macfarlane Burnet Institute: 63.

C

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• Caldwell, B., I. Pieris, et al. (1999). "Sexual regimes and sexual networking: the risk of an HIV/AIDS epidemic in Bangladesh." Soc Sci Med 48(8): 1103-16.
  Bangladesh adjoins the Asian region with the severest AIDS epidemic and has common borders with two of the most affected areas, the Indian Hill States and northern Burma. There has been disagreement about the danger to Bangladesh, one view citing the likelihood of transmission from neighbouring infected populations and the other claiming that the country's predominantly Muslim culture protects it. This paper reports on a 1995-1997 research project. Preliminary research was carried out in Dhaka in 1995-1996 which suggested that the poor squatter areas might well sustain an epidemic. The experience also showed that more accurate measures of sexual networking could be obtained from males than females. The 1997 field research reported here investigated 983 males, 52% single and 48% married in Chittagong city and two more rural areas of Chittagong Division in southeast Bangladesh. It was found that around half of all males and probably a somewhat lower proportion of females, experience premarital sexual relations, with males having a lower level of extramarital than premarital relations. The factor heightening Bangladesh's risk of an epidemic is that one-quarter of single males and a significant but lower level of married males have had relations with prostitutes. This is one explanation for quite high levels of STDs in Bangladesh. The factors restricting the chances of a major national epidemic are the small number of premarital sexual episodes per person and the low level of intravenous drug use.
• Caldwell, J. C. and G. Isaac-Toua (2002). "AIDS in Papua New Guinea: situation in the Pacific." J Health Popul Nutr 20(2): 104-11.
  There has long been reason to anticipate a major heterosexual epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and probably in the rest of Melanesia. From the social and behavioural perspectives, Melanesia is strikingly similar to other areas of the world with serious epidemics of AIDS. High levels of other sexually transmitted infections indicate behaviour patterns that would also facilitate transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and presence of cofactors for HIV infection. Low levels of male circumcision parallel the situation in other epidemic areas. Near-parity by sex in cases reported so far in PNG is evidence that primary infection is largely heterosexual. The late start of a major epidemic in PNG can probably be attributed to: (a) the relatively small aggregation of people in urban centres (even Port Moresby has only one-quarter of a million people); (b) a highway system that does not network across the whole country; (c) limited size of the organized commercial sex sector; and (d) possibly low level of chancroid to act as a cofactor. The situation is now changing. Over the last seven years, HIV infection, probably the highest in Port Moresby and mostly measured there, has been rising by about 60% per annum. This rise is genuine and, if sustained, would infect 10% of the adult population of PNG in little more than 12 years. Some countries of sub-Saharan Africa have witnessed such exponential rises.
• Crofts, N., Ed. (2003). Manual for reducing drug related harm in Asia. Melbourne, Social Change Media.

D

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• Darby, E., B. Parnell, et al. (2002). Toolkit for HIV prevention among mobile population in the Greater Mekong Subregion for ADB/UNDP.
• Davis, C., M. B. Noel, et al. (1998). "Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to HIV and AIDS among chinese adolescents in hong kong." J Adolesc 21(6): 657-65.
  The purpose of this study was to assess HIV and AIDS knowledge and attitudes, source of HIV and AIDS information, and behaviours related to HIV and AIDS among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Participants included 1259 (826 females and 433 males) Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong between 12-18 years of age. Findings revealed that over 80% of the adolescents had rarely or never discussed HIV and AIDS with their family or teacher, and the primary source of HIV and AIDS information was media sources such as television and newspapers. Findings revealed HIV and AIDS misinformation among both male and female adolescents in the areas of transmission, facts, personal vulnerability and attitudes. However, participants reported engaging in little at-risk behaviour associated with HIV and AIDS. Implications for HIV and AIDS education and prevention are discussed.
• Dorabjee, J., G. Reid, et al. (2003). Capacity building for HIV/AIDS prevention among injecting drug users in India. Melbourne, The Centre for Harm Reduction Macfarlane Burnet Institute.
• Dore, G. J., J. M. Kaldor, et al. (1996). "Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region." Med J Aust 165(9): 494-8.
  The incidence of new HIV infections in Asia and the Pacific will soon pass that in Africa and is projected to increase into the next century. The AIDS epidemic arising from these infections will have enormous consequences for the health and socioeconomic development of a region encompassing more than half the world's population.
• Dore, G. J., T. Brown, et al. (1998). "HIV and AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region: an epidemiological overview." Aids 12 Suppl B: S1-10.

E

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• Eileen, D., B. Parnell, et al. (2002). Toolkit for HIV prevention among mobile populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion Part two country resources. Melbourne, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Reseach. World Vision Australia: 49
• Eileen, D., B. Parnell, et al. (2002). Toolkit for HIV prevention among mobile populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion Part one five critical componets of an effective program. Melbourne, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research. World Vision Australia: 49.
• Elkins, D., E. Maticka-Tyndale, et al. (1996). "Evaluation of HIV/AIDS education initiatives among women in northeastern Thai villages." Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27(3): 430-42.
  A longitudinal, naturalistic experimental design was used in an evaluation of the effects of an HIV/AIDS educational pamphlet controlling for secular trends (most specifically media coverage of HIV/AIDS) in Northeastern Thailand. Nine hundred and fifty-four women from 18 villages completed KAP interviews either in the autumn of 1991 or 1992 with HIV/AIDS education pamphlets distributed to every household in 12 of these villages in the spring of 1992. Pamphlets influenced women's perceptions of personal risk from casual sources and the degree to which they volunteered that condoms were a means of prevention of HIV transmission. Both results were related to the content and style of presentation of information about sources of risk and about condoms in the pamphlets. Secular trends and an increase in communication between villagers had a significant influence on knowledge, perceived efficacy of self protection, readiness to use condoms, and perception of levels and sources of personal risk.

F

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• Fuller, B. (2001). Situation analysis of HIV/AIDS in Fujian, Guangxi, Shanxi, and Xinjiang, NGO development sub-project of the HIV/AIDS/STD Prevention and Control Component of the China Health IX Project NGO Capacity Building China Health IX health project,. Melbourne, AusAID.
• Fuller, B. (2001). The risk of HIV transmission amongst youth in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Public Health. Melbourne, Monash University.
  need further search
• Fuller, B. (2002). Situation analysis of HIV/AIDS in the Pacific, for the Pacific desk of Oxfam Community Aid Abroad in preparation for the OCAA Pacific HIV Strategy. Melbourne, Australia International Health Institute.

G

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• Gao, Y., Z. Z. Lu, et al. (2001). "AIDS and sex education for young people in China." Reprod Fertil Dev 13(7-8): 729-37.
  Although China has had a rich sexual culture for thousands of years, Chinese people are usually unwilling to openly discuss issues of sex. Some parents are quite ignorant of the change in their children's sexual attitude and behaviour. In China today, adolescents are becoming much more sexually liberated. Premarital sex and unplanned pregnancies among teenagers are increasing. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including HIV/AIDS are also spreading rapidly. However, young people lack basic information on AIDS/STD and do not know how to protect themselves from these diseases or how to avoid unintended pregnancies. Several major youth peer education programmes in China are mentioned in this paper. Among them, a four-year programme entitled the Australian-Chinese AIDS/STD/Safer Sex Peer Education Programme for Youth, is discussed in some detail. The programme has so far reached over 40000 university and school students. Evaluation results show that the programme is effective in both significantly increasing students' knowledge about AIDS/STDs and changing their attitude towards AIDS patients. In addition, the programme is highly praised by the students.
• Gold, R. S., M. J. Skinner, et al. (1999). "Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV infected: a further study." Int J STD AIDS 10(9): 600-5.
  Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV-infected were investigated. Young uninfected (n=62), older uninfected (n=61), and infected (n=65) gay men read brief descriptions of men they did not know and estimated the likelihood that they were infected. Each description highlighted one characteristic of the man described. There were 3 versions of each sketch; the versions highlighting preferred sexual practice, for example, described the man as either preferring insertive anal intercourse, preferring receptive anal intercourse, or liking both equally. Results were largely the same for the 3 sample groups. For 6 of the 9 characteristics investigated--preferred haunts, preferred sexual practice, dress code, access to gay venues, occupation, and sexual orientation--significantly different estimates were given for the different versions. Results are discussed in relation to how AIDS education might counter the use by gay men of stereotypes to infer whether a given sex partner is infected. It is suggested that these stereotypes are likely to be present 'on line' (during actual sexual encounters), rather than 'off line' (in the cold light of day), thereby complicating the task of AIDS educators.
• Green, C. (2002). "Developing Indonesian activists." HIV Australia 2(2): 12-3.
  The author reflected on Indonesia's AIDS epidemic

K

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• Kelsall, J., P. Higgs, et al. (1999). The Vietnamese IDU & harm reduction study, Stage 1. Melbourne, Macfarlane Burnet Centre of Medical Research: 79.
• Kelsall, J., P. Higgs, et al. (2001). The Vietnamese IDU & harm reduction study, Stage 2. Melbourne, Macfarlane Burnet Centre of Medical Research: 64.
• Kent, S. J. (1999). "HIV vaccines--promise and directions." Med J Aust 171(3): 124-5.
• Kent, S. J. (2002). "Vaccines for HIV in the developing world." vIntern Med J 32(4): 136-7.
• Kent, S. J., C. J. Dale, et al. (2002). "Knowledge and commitment for action: the 14th International AIDS conference, Barcelona, July 2002." Medical Journal of Australia 177(11-12): 587-9.

L

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• Lau, G. S. (2002). "The mobile virus." HIV Australia 2(1): 34-6.
  AIDS is a risk for every living being, but less serious than police raids", was how an illegal West African migrant worker perceived his risk of HIV. Suzanne Lau Gooey looks at HIV/AIDS and migration. (editor abstract)
• Lewis, M. J., B. Scott, et al., Eds. (1997). Sex, disease, and society: a comparative history of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific. Contributions in medical studies. Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press.
• Li, M. and C. J. Eastman (2003). "Working with funding agencies in the delivery of healthcare in the Asia Pacific region." Med J Aust 178(1): 13-6.
  Australia is one of the healthiest countries in the world, although we have a long way to go before the health of Indigenous Australians matches that of the population as a whole. In 1999-2000, the Commonwealth Government spent 8.5% of GDP on healthcare, ranking our health spending among the highest in the world. By contrast, many people living in our region are burdened by emerging epidemics, such as HIV/AIDS, diseases associated with economic and industrial development, and problems of communicable disease and nutritional deficiencies. For decades, many Australians have been working towards improving health in these developing countries by providing their knowledge and expertise. While the financial resources for healthcare are largely the responsibility of individual national governments, the international system plays an important role in assisting developing countries to improve their health standards. From our own experiences of working with AusAID and the World Health Organization on two projects to eradicate iodine-deficiency disorders in China and Tibet, we illustrate how health professionals can work with international aid agencies to deliver healthcare and make a difference to the lives of people in developing countries.
• Lin, V. (2002). World Bank lending and sector work for HIV/AIDS in East Asia and Pacific Review of current and past activities and strategies for the future. Melbourne, School of Public Health, La Trobe University; Heywood Public Health Group.
• Lloyd, A. (1996). "HIV infection and AIDS." P N G Med J 39(3): 174-80.
  Many of the clinical features of HIV/AIDS can be ascribed to the profound immune deficiency which develops in infected patients. The destruction of the immune system by the virus results in opportunistic infection, as well as an increased risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy. In addition, disease manifestations related to the virus itself may occur. For example, during the primary illness which occurs within weeks after first exposure to HIV, clinical symptoms occur in at least 50% of cases, typically as a mononucleosis syndrome. HIV-related complications are rarely encountered in patients with preserved immunity (i.e. CD4 T-cell counts greater than 500 cells/mm3). Recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex (HSV), herpes zoster (VZV), oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia occur with increasing frequency as the CD4 count drops below this level. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurs in association with HIV and often presents early in the clinical course. The risk of developing opportunistic infections and malignancies typical of AIDS increases progressively as CD4 counts fall below 200 cells/mm3. The clinical manifestations of infections associated with AIDS tend to fall into well-recognized patterns of presentation, including pneumonia, dysphagia/odynophagia, diarrhoea, neurological symptoms, fever, wasting, anaemia and visual loss. The commonest pathogens include Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and cytomegalovirus. Malignant disease in patients with HIV infection also occurs in a characteristic pattern. Only two tumours are prevalent: Kaposi's sarcoma, a multifocal tumour of vascular endothelium which typically involves skin and mucosal surfaces; and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is typically high grade in phenotype, often arising within the central nervous system. The principles of therapy include reduction of HIV replication by antiretroviral agents, prophylaxis against the common opportunistic infections and treatment followed by subsequent lifelong maintenance therapy for infections when they do occur.
• Lyttleton, C. (1996). "Health and development: knowledge systems and local practice in rural Thailand." Health Transit Rev 6(1): 25-48.
  The specific framing of health within a development context has implications for constructions of wellness and illness and how people react in times of ill health. In Thailand, recent national HIV/AIDS education-prevention campaigns commonly use topdown relay of public health information. This pattern replicates numerous development projects that aim to bring useful and beneficial knowledge to rural villagers. How villagers integrate this information depends, in part, on previous experiences with development programs in general and public health programs in particular. This paper considers the political economy of medical knowledge and multiple local health strategies in rural Northeast Thailand as a background to the contingent response to public health directives.
• Lyttleton, C. (1996). "Messages of distinction: the HIV/AIDS media campaign in Thailand." Med Anthropol 16(4): 363-89.
  In predominantly rural Thailand, television is a primary source of HIV/AIDS knowledge. Since 1990, HIV/AIDS warning messages have been aired regularly and repeatedly on television as part of the national strategy to minimize transmission of HIV. The education and prevention messages chosen do more than suggest measures to avoid infection. Within a logic of risk, these messages also define characteristics of people who are signified as threatening agents of infection. In Thailand, prostitutes and drug users are portrayed as the feared Other. Because commercial sex is so widespread, the demarcation of prostitutes as a high risk group signals a diffuse threat not easily subject to conceptual distancing. It is the pervasive and often fear-based associations born of the media material that, in large part, establish the basis for emergent practice when thoughts or actions are triggered by consideration of HIV/AIDS.
• Lyttleton, C. and A. Amarapibal (2002). "Sister cities and easy passage: HIV, mobility and economies of desire in a Thai/Lao border zone." Soc Sci Med 54(4): 505-18.
  It is recognised that people movement can increase potential risk of HIV transmission. In recent years, mobile populations moving across national borders have become a focus for HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns. These programs generally target border "hot zones" that produce high levels of HIV vulnerability due to the degree of mobility and the risk behaviours fostered by these marginal environments. However, high degrees of movement and social exploitation need not be the only criteria for borders to exacerbate HIV vulnerability. The types of social interactions promoted by mobility take many forms. In this paper we consider a border zone between Thailand and Laos to show that the links between movement and HIV vulnerability are not confined to stereotypical instances of coercion and exploitation. Rather we demonstrate that HIV risk in this area is a product of both a sense of community and a sense of difference that together foster a range of interactions based on mobility back and forth across the border. As HIV/AIDS prevention programs increasingly control forms of sexual interaction, the border provides a practical and symbolic opportunity to establish new forms of sexual relationship falling outside these constraints. This tendency to move outside bounds is not limited to border areas but has implications for prevention programs everywhere.

M

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• Maynard, T. (1995). "A new understanding of HIV." National AIDS Bulletin 9(3): 10-1.
  New insights into HIV disease progression suggest that the 'latency' period is a myth. In fact, the viral war rages from day one of infection. As Tony Maynard reports, this discovery has important implications for the way we treat HIV.
• Meursing, K. and F. Sibindi (2000). "HIV counselling--a luxury or necessity?" Health Policy Plan 15(1): 17-23.
  WHO and UNAIDS have consistently promoted HIV counselling as a routine part of HIV testing in developing countries. Nevertheless, in many countries counselling is not considered a crucial accompaniment of testing services, and patients are tested without access to counselling during and after testing. Thus, information on the need for and results of counselling is needed to convince policy-makers and service managers to give greater priority to the development of counselling services. This qualitative study describes informational, social and emotional needs and problems of newly diagnosed seropositive patients attending public health services in Zimbabwe. Their basic factual information on HIV/AIDS was reasonable, but many patients equalled HIV to AIDS and conceptualized their infection as 'social and physical death'. This seriously impeded their capacity to use knowledge of their test results in a constructive way, and stimulated coping by denial and/or secrecy about their HIV status. These avoidant coping strategies discouraged clients from using condoms, seeking social support and taking measures to protect their vulnerable health. The complex and changing nature of clients' needs indicates that common short-cuts in counselling (e.g. giving brief information before and after the HIV test) are seriously flawed as a strategy to prepare clients for effective coping. Comprehensive pre- and post-test counselling are an essential preparation for coping effectively during and immediately after testing. Availability of supportive counselling beyond this first phase is essential to assist clients with needs and problems which will appear over time. Development of counselling interventions should be guided by research into their effectiveness and by national policy guidelines. Replacing fear-inducing HIV campaigns with interactive, constructive information about HIV prevention and care will increase the preparedness of the community as a whole for effective living with HIV.
• Moran, M. (2003). "Why are global drug prices so high... and other other questions-editorial." Australian Prescriber 26(2): 26-7.
• Morre, S. and B. Gardner (2002). "China's injecting drug users become peer educators." HIV Australia 2(2): 8-9.
  Australian Red Cross, working in partnership with Yunnan Red Cross and Xinjiang Red Cross, is providing technical assistance to develop a peer education project. Activities illustrate safer injecting practices and provide training on cleaning needles. Working with people living with HIV/AIDS is another component of the program and a peer education training model has been developed in conjunction with PLWHAs. (non- author abstract)
• Munro, D. (1996). "Effective HIV/AIDS strategies, policies and programs for the correctional centre system." P N G Med J 39(3): 230-3.
• Murray, A. and T. Robinson (1995). "Mind your peers and queers: female sex workers in the AIDS discourse in Australia and South East." On the level 3(2): 12-7.

N

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• Nicloy, S. and B. Fuller (2000). Situation Analysis on HIV/AIDS in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, Strategic Planning of National Responses to HIV/AIDS and STDs in Pacific Island Countries and Territories,. Melbourne, AusAID.
• Nimmo, S. (1995). "Between a rock and a hard place." National AIDS Bulletin 9(2): 20-1.
• Nishigaya, K. (2002). "Female garment factory workers in Cambodia: migration, sex work and HIV/AIDS." Women Health 35(4): 27-42.
  Female garment factory workers in Cambodia are more exposed to HIV/AIDS than previously thought. Although HIV/AIDS epidemics are fast spreading in Cambodia, relatively little is known about the sexual health of women other than those perceived as commercial sex workers or married women of reproductive age. In-depth interviews with 20 unmarried female garment factory workers, who reported to have engaged in multi-partnered sex through direct or discretionary commercial sex occupations, demonstrate that they are exposed to HIV-risk created along the gradients of power. Low socioeconomic status (low education, meager factory wage and high dependency rate at their rural households) and obligations as daughters to provide for the family mainly determine their entry into sex work. At the location of sex work, they are subjected to physical violence, alcohol and drug use, both self-taken and forced, and receive meager wages. In a society where women are expected to be virtuous and obedient to parents and husbands, these workers are motivated to identify male sex partners in paid sex as "sweethearts" rather than "guests." These factors contribute to low consistency of condom use. This paper demonstrates the complex interrelationships between power, cultural definitions of intimacy and economic dependency, which structure sexual relationships and the risk of HIV/AIDS.

O

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• Ooi, C. and L. Dayan (2003). "STDs, HIV and hepatitis C on the world wide web." Medicine Today 4(5): 103-4.
  The Internet is an ideal resource for both GPs and their patients; however, finding reliable, high quality websites can be arduous. Here are some website recommendations in the area of sexual health. (author abstract)

P

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• Paxton, S. (2002). "The impact of utilizing HIV-positive speakers in AIDS education." AIDS Educ Prev 14(4): 282-94.
  A longitudinal matched control study was conducted to evaluate the effects on young people (n = 1,280) of talks by HIV-positive speakers who disclose their personal perspective of living with HIV. Focus-group discussions with students (n = 117) were used to elucidate the impact. Meeting HIV-positive people decreased fear and prejudice, reinforced messages about protective behavior and increased the belief that HIV is preventable. Improved attitudes after talks by females remained significant over 3 months. Speakers changed perceptions, broke down stereotypes, and made students realize that anybody is vulnerable to infection. The speaker provided an anonymous, nonjudgmental person to whom young people could easily relate. They opened the doorway to discussions about AIDS. AIDS interventions must focus on recruiting, supporting and training young articulate HIV-positive people, particularly females, to deliver sex education to in- and out-of-school youths. HIV-positive speakers have an essential role to play in AIDS prevention and must be utilized appropriately.
• Paxton, S. (2002). "The paradox of public HIV disclosure." AIDS Care 14(4): 559-67.
  In order to examine the impact on HIV-positive people of publicly disclosing their status, in-depth interviews were conducted with 75 HIV-positive speakers from 20 countries in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Decreasing stigma and stopping new infections were equally strong motivators in becoming community AIDS educators. Although few respondents were trained, most had good support from peers and/or family. Public disclosure led to a diminution of discrimination. Speaking out was extremely rewarding. Disclosure led to a less stressful, more productive life and to improved wellbeing. Virtually all speakers from every setting had no regrets and saw only the benefits of public disclosure. The paradox of coming out openly as an HIV-positive person is that by facing AIDS-related stigma, one finds psychological release-liberation from the burden of secrecy and shame. Disclosure is beneficial to all concerned. It enriches the speakers' lives and it helps the community. HIV-positive speakers may be a fundamental component of successful AIDS education campaigns, but increasing the numbers of people who are 'out' is only possible in a conducive environment. Governments and AIDS organizations must provide adequate emotional and optimal organizational support to those who do so, including peer support, counselling and appropriate training.
• Potts, M. (2001). "Meeting the contraceptive and AIDS prevention needs of people living on a dollar a day." Reproduction Fertility and Development 13(7-8): 739-47.
  The new millennium sees the largest cohort of young people in history entering its fertile years. Many of these people are too poor to pay the full cost of modern contraception, but the money available for subsidizing their needs is exceedingly limited. The AIDS pandemic is placing additional, unprecedented demand on already overstretched resources. Existing methods of contraception that are well established and off-patent can be produced in bulk at low cost, and will remain the backbone of future programmes. The use of misoprostol as an abortifacient is likely to spread rapidly. New methods must take into account the limitations of the health infrastructure in developing countries and the imperative of low cost. Given the constraints of money, skills and facilities, it is essential to set realistic priorities for future contraceptive research and development. It is suggested that the greatest needs are for a woman-controlled method of preventing HIV transmission and for a non-surgical method of female sterilization. (author abstract)
• Puplick, C. (2002). "Region in crisis." HIV Australia 2(2): 16-7.
  The author comments on HIV/AIDS in the Asia Pacific region with a specific focus on the epidemic in China

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• Reid, G. (1998). The hidden epidemic A situation assessment of drug use in South East Asia and East Asia in the context of HIV vunability. Melbourne, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute: 34.
• Reid, G. and G. Costigan (2002). Revisiting 'The Hidden Epidemic' A situation assessment of drug use in Asia in the context of HIV/AIDS. Melbourne, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute: 19.
• Reidpath, D. and K. Y. Chan (2002). "HIV/AIDS related discrimination in the Asia Pacific." HIV Australia 2(1): 32.
  Minimal research has focused on the social effects and consequences of HIV for positive people. There is now an unambiguous association between stigma and discrimination, HIV/AIDS, social inequalities and public health outcomes - a realisation reflected in the UNAIDS 2002/2003 priorities.

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• Sanitioso, R. (1999). "A social psychological perspective on HIV/AIDS and gay or homosexually active Asian men." J Homosex 36(3-4): 69-85.
  This paper employs findings in social psychological research to analyze HIV/AIDS-related issues among gay and homosexual Asian men living in western countries, specifically in Australia. This includes analyses of: (1) the impact of collectivistic cultural ideologies on self-conception and self-esteem; (2) self-identity related to the status of Asians as numerical and status minorities; (3) the existence of stereotypes of Asians in the gay communities and their consequences on individual Asians; and (4) issues related to self-esteem of gay Asian men as determined by their identification with the Asian and/or the gay communities and acculturation to the dominant Australian Anglo-Celtic culture.
• Sanitioso, R. (1999). "A social psychological perspective on HIV/AIDS and gay or homosexually active Asian men." J Homosex 36(3-4): 69-85.
  This paper employs findings in social psychological research to analyze HIV/AIDS-related issues among gay and homosexual Asian men living in western countries, specifically in Australia. This includes analyses of: (1) the impact of collectivistic cultural ideologies on self-conception and self-esteem; (2) self-identity related to the status of Asians as numerical and status minorities; (3) the existence of stereotypes of Asians in the gay communities and their consequences on individual Asians; and (4) issues related to self-esteem of gay Asian men as determined by their identification with the Asian and/or the gay communities and acculturation to the dominant Australian Anglo-Celtic culture.
• Scott, S. (2002). "HIV's final frontier." HIV Australia 2(2): 14-15.
  The Pacific Islands remain the last froniter of the globe to prevent an extensive HIV/AIDS epidemic
• Shuguang, W. and P. Van de Ven (2003). "Peer HIV/AIDS education with volunteer trishaw drivers in Yaan, People's Republic of China: process evaluation." AIDS Educ Prev 15(4): 334-45.
  Peer-based HIV prevention education has become increasingly popular in China. Few studies have explored culturally appropriate strategies or the effectiveness of this approach among the growing population of Chinese self-employed young people--a group quite vulnerable to HIV and other sexually transmissible infections. The findings presented here are from a process evaluation of a peer-led demonstration project with self-employed trishaw drivers in Yaan, China. This study examines sexual health message diffusion from 150 volunteers in a direct training group to 705 peers in an indirect training group. A key finding was that success in diffusing sexual health messages was significantly related to drivers' attachment to their subculture. The successful elements of the project augur well for the development of HIV peer education in the broader arena of self-employed young people in China and pose a challenge to the traditional approach of "official-led" peer education with its uniform prescription of officially sanctioned printed materials.
• Slavin, S. (2003). "Meaning engagements." HIV Australia 2(3).
  The author examines the facilitation of knowledge flow between researchers and the HIV positive community. HIV social research needs good relationships between researchers and HIV positive people with the best research occurring with equitable partnerships. (non-author abstract)
• Smith, A. M. (1998). "AIDS is ... reflections on the Australian research response to the HIV and AIDS epidemics." Int J Health Serv 28(4): 793-810.
  Drawing on institutional history, biography, and interviews with key informants from the range of academic disciplines that have contributed to the Australian response to the HIV and AIDS epidemics, this article provides critical insights into the factors that have shaped the Australian research response. The author demonstrates conflicts between disciplines that are rooted in epistemological differences. While the conflicts and tensions are often expressed in terms of access to resources, the disputes are grounded in the relative power of academic disciplines, most particularly the preeminence of biomedicine, and are related to the weight attributed to the various knowledge claims of those disciplines.
• Stephens, D., G. Woolcock, et al. (1998). "Conflict and consensus: HIV/AIDS and human rights in Asia and the Pacific." Aids 12 Suppl B: S93-9.
• Stewart, C. (2002). "PNG management and prevention bill." HIV Australia 2(1): 33.
  HIV/AIDS is now a fact of life (and death) in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Official statistics show that the epidemic started its frightening upward explosive curve in the mid-nineties. (editor abstract)
• Stiernborg, M. (1996). "Impact evaluation of an international training course on HIV/AIDS." AIDS Care 8(3): 311-9.
  During 1988-1990, 32 physicians and 29 nurses from 28 countries of three WHO regions were trained in the clinical management of HIV/AIDS, at four WHO international courses conducted by The University of New South Wales, Sydney. This article briefly describes the curriculum and evaluation of the four courses and reports on an impact evaluation through mailed questionnaires to participants 2.5 to 4.5 years after their return home. The questionnaire return rate was very high (72.6%). There were strong indications that most respondents were appropriate selections for the training, with high commitment to HIV/AIDS care. Most respondents had duties related to HIV/AIDS and a little more than 3/5 had cared for at least one HIV/AIDS patient. Respondents had a high level of involvement in organizing and implementing training activities. A quarter had difficulty applying the acquired knowledge and skills to drug therapy and universal precautions using disposables, due to shortage of funds. The course used adult learning principles with emphasis on critical and reflective examination of course content by participants. Their positive evaluation of the course confirms the appropriateness of these approaches which are recommended for use in future courses at regional and national levels.

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• Thomas, J. (2002). "Preventing crisis in East Timor." HIV Australia 2(2): 19-20.
  The author looks at key challenges of HIV prevention in post-colonial East Timor and examines the new government's response to these challenges
• Toole, M., M. Hittaker, et al. (1997). Issues and trends in international health. Melbourne, Macfarlane Burnet Centre of Medical Research, Melbourne The Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Brisbane The Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane: 165.

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• Vaughan, C. and B. Fuller (2000). Workshop Report for HIV/AIDS Strategic Planning workshop - Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, Strategic Planning of National Responses to HIV/AIDS and STDs in Pacific Island Countries and Territories,. Melbourne, AusAID.
• Vaughan, C., T. Kwarteng, et al. (2001). Planning for action A guide to HIV/STI strategic planning for Pacific Island countries and territories. Melburne, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research.
• Vu, T. (2001). Harm reduction for injecting drug uses in Vietnam A situation assessment. Melbourne, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute: 45.

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• Walters, I. (2003). "Novel low-risk commercial sex practices in the parks of Vietnam." AIDS Care 15(3): 437-40.
  This is a paper about a novel form of commercial sex practice recorded in Vietnam, and its implications for HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. Female commercial sex workers occupy urban parks in the evenings, offering on-site masturbation services to clients at cheap prices even by local standards. All sex acts are performed in public by workers who sit on benches, path edges or stools,often behind bicycles or open umbrellas in the quest for some semblance of privacy. Clients are local men, with only an occasional foreigner involved Many sex workers were involved, some having 15 to 20 or more clients a night. Sex workers and clients in Vietnam, a s elsewhere, operate at high risk of HIV/AIDS infection. As a service which minimizes risks, this form of commercial sex practice should perhaps be given serious consideration by policy makers and authorities for formal deployment in the fight against AIDS.
• Wang, M. S., M. Y. Gao, et al. (1999). "Two cultures, two levels of AIDS risk." Bull World Health Organ 77(3): 278-80.
  On the basis of a field survey the authors discuss strategy for reducing the relatively high incidence of HIV infection and AIDS among China's self-employed.
• Wang, S. M. and M. Y. Gao (2000). "Employment and contextual impact of safe and unsafe sexual practices for STI and HIV: the situation in China." Int J STD AIDS 11(8): 536-44.
  China's dual employment system plays a crucial role in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV-related safe and unsafe sexual practices among young Chinese people. Social and psychological determinants of safe and unsafe sexual practices for HIV infection among young people in Sichuan, China were examined. Our findings indicate that changes in China's social structure and employment system impact upon the social contextual involvement and socio-sexual practice of young Chinese people. The findings in the study suggest that the employment-related contextual involvement was a major predictor in the relationships between demography, information, and psychological risk-taking factors on one hand and the people's safe and unsafe sexual practices on the other. Self-employed people (officially called 'getihu') were more likely than the state-employed people to engage in unprotected sex with casual sexual partners. As China undergoes social restructuring and many state-employed people are laid off, the risk may also extend into the broader non-self-employed population as more state-employed people become involved not only in the self-employed getihu's socioeconomic activities but also in their unconventional socio-sexual practices. Collective vulnerability to STI and HIV, due to the current socio-sexual practices of the getihu young people, has created a new frontier for STI and HIV prevention in today's China, as well as demonstrating the importance of collective action with STI and AIDS prevention strategies within relevant social and sub-cultural contexts.
• Wilkinson, D. and G. Dore (2000). "An unbridgeable gap? Comparing the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa." Aust N Z J Public Health 24(3): 276-80.
  OBJECTIVE: To compare the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa, to outline reasons for differences, and to consider implications for the Asia and Pacific region. METHODS: Comparison of key indicators of the epidemic in Australia, and Africa viewed largely through the experience of the Hlabisa health district, South Africa. RESULTS: To the end of 1997, for all Australia, the estimated cumulative number of HIV infections was approximately 19,000, whereas in Hlabisa 31,000 infections are estimated to have occurred. Compared with the low and declining incidence of HIV in Australia (< 1%), estimated incidence in Hlabisa rose to 10% in 1997. In all, 94% of Australian infections have been amongst men; in Hlabisa equal numbers of males and females are infected. Consequently, whereas 3000 children were perinatally exposed to HIV in Hlabisa in 1998 alone, 160 Australian children have been exposed this way. In Australia, HIV-related disease is characterised by opportunistic infection whereas in Hlabisa tuberculosis and wasting dominate. Surveys among gay men in Sydney and Melbourne indicate > 80% of HIV infected people receive antiretroviral therapy whereas in Hlabisa these drugs are not available. IMPLICATIONS: It seems possible that Asia and the Pacific will experience a similar HIV/AIDS epidemic to that in Africa. Levels of HIV are already high in parts of Asia, and social conditions in parts of the region might be considered ripe for the spread of HIV. As Australia strengthens economic and political ties within the region, so should more be done to help Pacific and Asian neighbours to prevent and respond to the HIV epidemic.
• Worth, H., N. Denholm, et al. (2003). "HIV/AIDS and the African Refugee Education Program in New Zealand." AIDS Educ Prev 15(4): 346-56.
  In the past decade, the resettlement of African HIV-positive refugees in New Zealand has meant dramatically changing patterns of new HIV infection. This increase in heterosexually acquired HIV has been met by mounting disquiet on the part of the public, politicians, and health officials. The voices of the refugees themselves have been lost in this debate. This article discusses the experiences of African refugees with HIV, being in New Zealand, and the establishment of the National HIV/AIDS Refugee Health Education Program, designed to meet the needs of African communities in New Zealand.

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